2024 California Rules of Court
Rule 4.423. Circumstances in mitigation
Circumstances in mitigation include factors relating to the crime and factors relating to the defendant.
(a) Factors relating to the crime
Factors relating to the crime include that:
(1) The defendant was a passive participant or played a minor role in the crime;
(2) The victim was an initiator of, willing participant in, or aggressor or provoker of the incident;
(3) The crime was committed because of an unusual circumstance, such as great provocation, that is unlikely to recur;
(4) The defendant participated in the crime under circumstances of coercion or duress, or the criminal conduct was partially excusable for some other reason not amounting to a defense;
(5) The defendant, with no apparent predisposition to do so, was induced by others to participate in the crime;
(6) The defendant exercised caution to avoid harm to persons or damage to property, or the amounts of money or property taken were deliberately small, or no harm was done or threatened against the victim;
(7) The defendant believed that he or she had a claim or right to the property taken, or for other reasons mistakenly believed that the conduct was legal;
(8) The defendant was motivated by a desire to provide necessities for his or her family or self; and
(9) The defendant suffered from repeated or continuous physical, sexual, or psychological abuse inflicted by the victim of the crime, and the victim of the crime, who inflicted the abuse, was the defendant's spouse, intimate cohabitant, or parent of the defendant's child; and the abuse does not amount to a defense.
(10) If a firearm was used in the commission of the offense, it was unloaded or inoperable.
(Subd (a) amended effective March 14, 2022; previously amended effective January 1, 1991, July 1, 1993, January 1, 2007, and May 23, 2007.)
(b) Factors relating to the defendant
Factors relating to the defendant include that:
(1) The defendant has no prior record, or has an insignificant record of criminal conduct, considering the recency and frequency of prior crimes;
(2) The defendant was suffering from a mental or physical condition that significantly reduced culpability for the crime;
(3) The defendant experienced psychological, physical, or childhood trauma, including, but not limited to, abuse, neglect, exploitation, or sexual violence and it was a factor in the commission of the crime;
(4) The commission of the current offense is connected to the defendant's prior victimization or childhood trauma, or mental illness as defined by section 1385(c);
(5) The defendant is or was a victim of intimate partner violence or human trafficking at the time of the commission of the offense, and it was a factor in the commission of the offense;
(6) The defendant is under 26 years of age, or was under 26 years of age at the time of the commission of the offense;
(7) The defendant was a juvenile when they committed the current offense;
(8) The defendant voluntarily acknowledged wrongdoing before arrest or at an early stage of the criminal process;
(9) The defendant is ineligible for probation and but for that ineligibility would have been granted probation;
(10) Application of an enhancement could result in a sentence over 20 years;
(11) Multiple enhancements are alleged in a single case;
(12) Application of an enhancement could result in a discriminatory racial impact;
(13) An enhancement is based on a prior conviction that is over five years old;
(14) The defendant made restitution to the victim; and
(15) The defendant's prior performance on probation, mandatory supervision, postrelease community supervision, or parole was satisfactory.
(Subd (b) renumbered and amended effective March 14, 2022; previously amended effective January 1, 1991, January 1, 2007, May 23, 2007, and January 1, 2017.)
(c) Other factors
Any other factors statutorily declared to be circumstances in mitigation or that reasonably relate to the defendant or the circumstances under which the crime was committed.
(Subd (c) adopted effective January 1, 2018.)
Rule 4.423 amended effective March 14, 2022; adopted as rule 423 effective July 1, 1977; previously renumbered effective January 1, 2001; previously amended effective January 1, 1991, July 1, 1993, January 1, 2007, May 23, 2007, January 1, 2017, and January 1, 2018.
Advisory Committee Comment
See comment to rule 4.421.
This rule applies both to mitigation for purposes of section 1170(b) and to circumstances in mitigation justifying the court in striking the additional punishment provided for an enhancement.
Some listed circumstances can never apply to certain enhancements; for example, "the amounts taken were deliberately small" can never apply to an excessive taking under section 12022.6, and "no harm was done" can never apply to infliction of great bodily injury under section 12022.7. In any case, only the facts present may be considered for their possible effect in mitigation.
See also rule 4.409; only relevant criteria need be considered.
Since only the fact of restitution is considered relevant to mitigation, no reference to the defendant's financial ability is needed. The omission of a comparable factor from rule 4.421 as a circumstance in aggravation is deliberate.